A review on tramadol toxicity: mechanism of action, clinical presentation, and treatment
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract Aims As an analgesic that acts upon the central nervous system (CNS), tramadol has gained popularity in treating moderate to severe pain. Recently, it been increasingly reported as a drug of misuse with intentional overdoses or intoxications. This review focuses on intoxication humans and its effects different systems. Subject method narrative provides comprehensive view pharmacokinetics, mechanism action, incidence toxicity in-depth look at side effects. In addition, main approaches management poisoning are described. Results Tramadol can affect multiple organ systems: gastrointestinal, (seizure, CNS depression, low-grade coma, anxiety, over time anoxic brain damage), cardiovascular (palpitation, mild hypertension life-threatening complications such cardiopulmonary arrest), respiratory system, renal (renal failure higher doses intoxication), musculoskeletal (rhabdomyolysis), endocrine (hypoglycemia), well as, cause serotonin syndrome. Seizure, serious disturbance, is more common than other opioids. Fatal intoxications uncommon, except ingestion cases concurrent medications, particularly depressants, most commonly benzodiazepines, ethanol. Conclusion With increasing tramadol, physicians must be aware adverse effects, substantial abuse potential, interactions, weigh risk–benefit ratio for pain management. Alternative therapies might considered patients previous overdose history reduce risks outcomes.
منابع مشابه
Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning, Mechanism of Action and Treatment: a Literature Review
Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is an important fumigant, a commendable and very effective outdoor and indoor insecticide. AlP, locally named “rice tablet”, is widely used to protect rice. As soon as taking a very small amount of an AlP tablet, phosphine vaporizes due to the exposure to the air and affects different kinds of organs. Although, in most cases, clinical history can help making the final d...
متن کاملA review of acrylamide toxicity and its mechanism
Acrylamide (AA) is an important industrial chemical agent that is mainly used in the production of polymers and copolymers. Recently it has been attention because of its production in the diet at high-temperature (>120 ºC) processes such as cooking, frying, toasting, roasting or baking of high carbohydrate foods. According to high exposure to acrylamide, recognition of its toxic effect is ...
متن کاملA Review on Complications of Tramadol Overdose
Background & Aim Tramadol is an opioid analgesic used to treat pains. With a statistic of up to 50%, this substance is considered the first cause of death due to drug poisoning. Investigating the prevalence of tramadol poisoning plays an essential role in providing a suitable context for the authorities to take the necessary decisions to reduce the use of this drug. This review study explores t...
متن کاملeffect of oral presentation on development of l2 learners grammar
this experimental study has been conducted to test the effect of oral presentation on the development of l2 learners grammar. but this oral presentation is not merely a deductive instruction of grammatical points, in this presentation two hypotheses of krashen (input and low filter hypotheses), stevicks viewpoints on grammar explanation and correction and widdowsons opinion on limited use of l1...
15 صفحه اولذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Forensic Toxicology
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['1860-8965', '1860-8973']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00569-0